Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD)
Let me do a little brainstorming here. I want to try to come up with an Illinois article, a section of the Illinois Copper Artifact Resource Manual that I'm working on, that can be developed as an article that has something of interest for readers of the Illinois Archaeology Journal. There's so little copper found in Illinois that it's a bit of a challenge. I could talk about the separation of Oneota from Mississippian, because I'd like that clearer in my mind. I wish I could find my Cahokia presentation because that had some good stuff in it. I'll have to get out some of my CD disks to see what I have saved. The Cahokia site appears to have been more of a snake ritualistic site with snakes as the symbol of the rebirth of spring, when seeds come up out of the ground alike, as though the snake itself was responsible. But then why did the hawk symbolism become so popular in the SECC and why was the Serpent Mound built in Ohio? I do have a Snake V. Hawk article at Academia.edu, maybe I could develop that more specifically to Illinois. And then there's the trade route from Spiro to Etowah that appears to have made a stop along they way to Union County. Hopefully I'll come up with more ideas as I continue. Tomorrow I'll check out some more books at the library.
COLLECTIONS USED IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN COPPER ARTIFACT RESOURCE MANUAL
MUSEUMS & PRIVATE COLLECTORS NOTED IN DATABASE
American Museum of Natural History, New York City
Jim Bussey Collection
Chetek Area Museum, Wisconsin
Steve Dwyer Collection
Eagle River Historical Society, Wisconsin
Earthaven Geology Museum, Suring, Wisconsin
Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois
Tom Fruit Collection
George Beyer Museum Annex, Oconto County Historical Society, Wisconsin
Gordon Morris Collection
Henry Hamilton Collection
Illinois State Museum, Springfield
J.P. Schumacher Collection
Kalamazoo Valley Museum, Michigan
Lawrence University, Anthropology Department, Appleton, Wisconsin
Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, Wisconsin
Marathon County Historical Museum, Wausau, Wisconsin
Marinette Logging Museum, Wisconsin
Menominee County History Museum, Menominee, Michigan
Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin
Minnesota Historical Society Museum, St. Paul
Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center (MVAC), University of Wisconsin, La Crosse
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
Neville Public Museum, Green Bay, Wisconsin
Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Penn Museum Collections, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology, University Park, Pennsylvania
Polk County Museum, Balsam Lake, Wisconsin
Three Lakes Historical Society and Museum, Three Lakes, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin
My thanks to all who obliged me in gathering the CAMD, those who encouraged me and those who saw this as a valuable concept. I only hope they are happy with the results.
INDEX FOR 2nd Edition: NORTHERN WISCONSIN COPPER ARTIFACT RESOURCE MANUAL
INDEX
(no text from tables included here)
Sources
Ahlrichs, Rob: 31, 95, 179, 191.
Baugh/Ericson: 17, 30-31, 38.
Brose, David: 28.
Brown, Charles: 7, 21, 26-27, 48, 154, 158.
Drier, Roy: 12, 14.
Engseth, Martin: 15, 38, 157.
Evans, Madeline, et al: 191.
Falde, Nathan: 30.
Fitting, James: 16-17, 19, 35, 50, 64, 172.
Fogel, Ira: 4, 65, 178-179, 183.
Fox/Younger: 69-70.
Graeber/Wengrow: 26.
Griffin, James: 19, 25, 63, 75.
Hall, Robert: 174.
Halsey, John: 17, 63.
Hamilton, Henry: 21, 32, 34, 94.
Hill, Mark: 18, 39-40, 154.
Hoy, P.R.: 6.
Johnson, Jay: 172, 174, 182.
Lawson, Publius: 12, 24, 49, 121, 177.
Lepper, Brad: 19, 114.
Little, Gregory: 122, 153, 174-175.
Lovis, William: 29.
Malakoff, David: 13-14, 29.
Martin, Susan: 4, 6, 12-14, 18, 25, 29, 35-36, 39, 61, 63-64, 66, 67-68, 154, 157-158, 172, 178-179, 185, 189.
Mason, Carol: 34-35, 64-65.
Mason, Ron: 16, 34-35, 64-65, 118, 120.
McHugh, William: 17-18, 25, 30, 63, 66-67, 142.
McKern, William: 35-36.
Morris, Gordon: 5, 12, 24, 27, 37, 60-61, 94, 115, 121, 145, 165.
Neiburger, Edward J: 11-12, 93, 141.
Neubauer, Joe: 13.
Paquette, Jim: 15.
Perkins, Frederich: 26.
Pleger, Thomas: 36, 50, 63-66, 154, 191.
Pompeani, David; 16-17.
Quimby, George: 17-19, 24-25, 64.
Reardon, Bill: 142.
Ritzenthaler, Robert: 17-18, 50, 62-64, 66-68, 82, 118-119, 161, 173, 182.
Ross, Bill: 15.
Salzer, Robert: 5, 23, 27-28, 31, 90, 118-124, 139, 142, 148, 150, 154, 160, 179, 188.
Sanburn, Josh: 190-191.
Scallon & Hawley: 153.
Schumacher, J.P.: 34-35, 48, 123, 150, 154.
Speth, Janet: 448-49, 59.
Stark, Peter: 63, 65, 69.
Steinbring, Jack: 5, 15, 20, 24, 60-61, 120, 160.
Stevenson, Katherine (et al): 18-19, 31, 40, 77, 85, 118, 120-122, 124, 161, 173-175.
Stewart, R. Michael: 173.
Stoltman, John: 20, 64, 70, 118, 139.
Theler & Boszhardt: 184.
Thomas, Matthew: 166.
Trevelyan, Amelia: 18, 29-30, 32, 75, 143.
Trigger, Bruce: 173.
Tuck, James: 172.
Vicinus, Joan: 84-85, 173-175.
William & Watts: 36.
Winn, Vetal: 117-118, 122.
Wittry, Warren: 5, 12, 22, 34, 50, 62-64, 66-68, 77, 153, 175.
Wormington, H.M.: 11.
Wright, J.V.: 173.
Artifacts, Concepts & Locations
Adena: 17-19, 30, 119-120, 172-173, 175-176.
Agriculture/Horticulture: 18-20, 24, 26, 40, 76, 90, 150, 173, 188.
Annealing: 6, 12-13, 29, 121, 156.
Bay of Green Bay: 51, 62, 64, 69, 70, 76, 184.
Bayfield: 166.
Bead: 14, 39, 49, 68, 75, 85, 112, 114-115, 120-121, 140, 182.
Beadmaker: 39.
Binford, Lewis: 17, 66-67, 142.
Bronze: 11, 14, 141.
Brule River: 37-38, 157, 166.
Burial customs: 16-19, 26, 50-51, 62, 65-67, 69, 85, 122-124, 153, 172-174.
Burnsville: 39.
Burnt Rollways: 38-39, 90, 119, 139, 154, 179.
Canada: 12, 15, 39, 61, 63, 158, 177, 185, 187-188.
Canoe: 38, 40, 76, 90, 150.
Carapace: 49-50.
Celt: 11, 37, 49, 68, 70, 85-86, 90, 111, 114-116, 140, 143, 160, 165, 175, 183, 185-187.
Chase: 60.
Chetek: 186.
Chippewa: 69, 117, 119.
Chippewa River: 124.
Clam River people: 161, 173.
Climate: 5, 16-20, 75, 160, 182, 185.
Copper industry: 6, 8, 17, 30, 35-36, 40, 48, 75-76, 119-120.
Copper worksites/camps: 5, 15, 16, 29, 38-39, 69-70, 90-91, 93, 114, 117-120, 122, 142, 146, 150, 154-155, 158, 160, 166, 172, 177, 185-186.
Couillardville: 60.
Crescent: 37-38, 49, 67, 77, 112-113, 115, 119, 121, 139, 144-145, 164-165, 172, 175, 181, 185-186, 187.
Disks: 145, 165, 175.
Doering site: 160.
Ear spools: 114, 121, 145.
Effigy ornaments: 114, 121, 142, 150-151, 172, 183.
Effigy mounds: 17, 19, 84-85, 118-120, 122, 124, 153, 175, 183.
Europeans: 6, 14, 20, 38, 49, 51, 69, 86, 86, 158.
Fish hooks: 67, 77, 120, 123, 179-180.
Float copper: 14, 20, 24, 29, 38, 61, 66.
Gillett: 60-61.
Glacial Kame: 15.
Gulf of Mexico: 17, 68, 116.
Hall / LaFave: 62, 66-67.
Hash marks: 49, 68, 84, 144, 154-155.
Hawk/bird: 85, 144, 172, 183.
Heafford Junction: 123, 150.
Heins Creek: 75.
Hopewell: 17-19, 29-30, 38-40, 50, 68-69, 75-77, 85-86, 90-92, 113-115, 117, 119-122, 138, 140-141, 143, 145, 153, 155, 160, 165, 172-175, 181-182, 185.
Hruska, Robert: 65, 68, 154.
Illinois: 5, 17, 23-24, 39-40, 61, 86, 160, 173, 185, 187, 190.
Keshena: 85.
Lake Michigan: 6, 63, 76-77, 124, 183-184.
Lake Nipissing: 24-25, 63-64.
Lake Nokomis: 120, 122, 179, 191.
Lake Superior: 5-7, 11-12, 18-19, 24-25, 29, 38, 63-64, 124, 154, 166.
Lake Tomahawk: 122.
Lakewood: 69.
Lena: 48.
Libby, Walter: 50, 59, 61, 63, 66.
Little Suamico: 60, 69.
Manitowish Waters: 140.
Marinette: 40, 48-49.
Menominee River: 41, 69, 181.
Menominees: 61, 66, 68, 76.
Mero site: 77.
Merrill: 150.
Meteoric iron: 182.
Mexico: 70, 114-116, 141, 143, 175, 177.
Michigan: 5-6, 14, 17, 24, 28-29, 37-38, 40-41, 48-49, 63, 69, 76-77, 95, 113, 118, 121-122, 140-141, 154, 157, 165, 187.
Migration: 5-6, 11, 15, 90, 115, 151, 160, 179, 183.
Mining: 5, 14, 23, 29, 38-39, 66, 95, 157-158, 166, 178.
Minnesota: 6, 13, 63, 90, 119, 150, 160, 165-166, 176-177, 179, 183, 188.
Minocqua / Phase: 117-118, 122, 179.
"Missing" copper: 7, 14.
Mississippi River: 6, 68, 95, 124, 165.
Mississippian: 17-20, 26, 29, 35, 49-50, 70, 86, 90, 92-93, 112, 115, 122, 141-142, 145, 173, 182, 185.
Mounds: 18-19, 31, 69, 83-85, 113, 118-119, 120, 122-124, 150, 153, 161, 173-176.
NAGPRA: 19, 26, 51, 62, 190-191.
Nokomis/Nokomis phase: 120-121, 179.
North Bay phase: 24, 77.
Nose Ring: 68, 114, 139, 181-182. xxx
Oak Orchard: 69-70, 119.
Obsidian: 17, 86, 113, 120, 122, 154-155, 160, 183.
Oconto: 5, 23, 36, 51, 59-60, 62-63, 69-70, 186-187.
Oconto Copper Burial site: 35, 40, 50, 59, 61, 62-68.
Ohio: 4, 17-19, 114, 117-118, 120, 153, 155, 165, 172.
Oneota: 20, 68, 75, 85-86, 92, 112, 115, 120, 122, 173.
Ornament: 16, 27, 39, 49-50, 66, 113-115, 119, 121, 124, 140, 165, 175, 180-183, 187-188.
Pendants: 13, 49, 68, 121, 153, 165, 180-181.
Pensaukee: 69-70.
Points (more point data is in the tables):
Archaic: 11, 16, 20, 37, 39-40, 48-49, 59-61, 68, 76-77, 84, 90, 112, 116, 120, 123, 142-143, 150, 155,
158, 163, 166, 183.
Arrow: 19, 40, 84-85, 113, 122, 124, 140, 151, 169, 172, 174, 176, 184-185
Atlatl: 40, 85, 90, 185.
Early Woodland: 91.
Hopewell (Middle Woodland): 50, 74, 85, 114, 118, 138, 165, 172.
Late Archaic: 38-40, 48-50, 61, 68, 75-77, 86, 89, 91, 112, 119-120, 154-155, 172, 175, 185.
Paleo (potential): 15, 20, 48, 59-61, 68, 70, 112, 144, 160.
Porterfield: 49.
Pottery: 18, 68, 90, 120-122, 124, 154, 175, 178.
Radiocarbon dating: 13, 19, 24, 30, 50, 59-60, 63-64, 69.
Riverside site: 12, 38-40, 48-50, 66, 68, 77, 92, 113, 122, 154-155, 185.
Red ocher/ROC: 16-18, 38-40, 48-50, 68-69, 77, 85, 92, 113, 119-120, 123, 143, 154, 172.
Red Cedar River: 174.
Rhinelander: 122.
Rib Hill: 154-155.
Rice Lake: 174.
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex/SECC: 20, 115, 172-173, 180.
Shell: 16, 49, 62, 68, 113.
Smelting/casting: 6, 12-13, 114.
Snake: 11, 85, 118-120, 123, 172-173, 175, 180, 183.
South America: 6, 114, 141, 158, 177.
Spud: 38, 40, 76, 90, 150.
Squirrel Lake/Phase: 117-118.
St. Croix River: 6, 165.
Stephenson: 48.
Stiles: 60, 70.
Stratigraphy/context: 4, 25, 31, 61-62, 113, 117, 191.
Sturgeon Bay: 76.
Thomas, Cyrus: 174.
Trade: 5-7, 11, 15, 17-18, 20, 22, 26-27, 28, 32, 38, 40, 51, 68, 70-71, 76, 86, 90, 92, 95, 113-114, 121-122, 124, 141, 143, 150, 151, 154-155, 160, 165, 173, 175, 177-179, 182-183, 188-189.
Underwater god or Panther: 118, 151, 178.
Village site: 15, 18, 39-40, 50, 61-62, 68-69, 117-123, 153, 166, 172, 174-175, 177, 190.
Wausau: 154.
West, George: 14.
White Potato Lake: 48.
Willow Reservoir: 112.
Wisconsin River: 6, 28, 38, 85, 95, 112, 117, 123-124, 140, 146, 151, 156, 158, 160, 184.
Woodland cultures: 16-20, 26, 30, 35, 40, 66, 68-69, 77, 85-86, 90-91, 113-114, 118-122, 124, 141-143, 145, 150-151, 154, 166, 172-175, 178-179, 186-187.
Click on the title to get to the Amazon page, only $7.95 for material you can't get anywhere else.
The first in a series. The second should be out in April, and focuses on the northern third of Wisconsin.
Here's some material from the beginning of the Michigan book:
This will show you at a glance the museums used in this resource manual, demonstrating how dispersed the copper artifacts area that were found in Michigan over the centuries. Source materials are in the bibliography and private collectors remain anonymous.
MUSEUM COLLECTIONS USED/REFERENCES IN TABLES
American Museum of Natural History, NYC
Delta County Historical Society, Escanaba
Detroit Historical Society
Earthaven Mineral Museum, Suring
Field Museum, Chicago
Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa
Grand Rapids Public Museum
Kalamazoo Valley Museum
Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit
Mackinac State Historic Parks
Marquette Regional History Center Museum
MacBride Hall, Iowa City
McCalester College Museum, St Paul
Menominee Co History Museum
Michigan College of Mining & Tech, Sault Ste Marie
Michigan Technological University, Houghton
Milwaukee Public Museum
Minnesota Historical Society Museum, St. Paul
Monroe County Museum System, Monroe
Museum of Nature and Science, Denver
National Museum of American Indian, DC
National Museum of Natural History, DC
Neville Public Museum, Green Bay
Peabody Museum, Harvard
Penn Museum Collections at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Ripon Historical Society Museum, Wisconsin
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Seaman Mineral Museum, Michigan Tech
Sloan Museum and Longway Planetarium, Flint
UM Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, Ann Arbor
University of Nevada Keck Museum
Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison
INTRODUCTION
Trevelyan (2004:123): Traditional myth suggests that Native American ritual was often aimed at achieving a balance of power between spiritual entities above and below the surface of the earth. It was probably the potent association of copper with similar opposites that made it crucial in so many important ceremonial traditions – a medium in every sense of the word.
Welcome to the Michigan edition of the Copper Artifact Master Database (CAMD). It's fitting that this is the first resource manual that I release. Susan Martin (1995) noted the same issue that dragged me in: "Mysterious books with lurid symbols and tales of trans-oceanic contact fill people's minds with archaeo-illogical constructs (Sodders 1990; Sodders 1991)." I was bombarded, when I was curator at Oconto Copper Burial Museum, with Michigan people who seriously believed that copper was missing from the Lake Superior copper mines and were taken to the old world to build the Bronze Age. They believed that the natives here had help in learning to tool in copper. One of them came into my museum, studied some photos of points I had posted, nodded and said, "Yup, smelted." No professional agrees, because smelting shows a kind of bubbling in the metal; no smelting has been found in the USA. Another suggested that millions of pounds of copper were missing from Lake Superior, and decided that missing copper not only built the Bronze Age in the Old World but also that Phoenicians and others were the ones who taught natives here how to tool in copper.
I started the CAMD determined to demonstrate just how vast the trade network of the Americas was, that missing copper was all right here. I felt this database could end that debate for good. What I ended up learning defied my imagination. As Martin noted: "There is unbroken continuity in populations, based on skeletal and artifact evidence, in the Upper Great Lakes, and there is absolutely no evidence that there is anything unusual or biologically separate about the populations that lived in the Upper Great Lakes during prehistory. … This systematic and extensive research program expanded our knowledge about prehistoric pottery-using people, and turned up no evidence, anywhere, of non-native exploitation of prehistoric copper (Clark 1988; Clark 1990; Clark 1991; Martin 1988a; Martin 1988b; Martin 1990; Martin, Martin and Gregory 1994)." She was also referring to the idea that the "Mound Builders" were a separate race of people, referred to by some as "Old World" that the Indians Europeans encountered must have killed them off.
As for the ridiculous comment that copper was missing from Lake Superior region, Martin says: "The mythic calculations involve the numbers and depths of copper extraction pits, the numbers and weights of stone hammers, the percentage volume of copper per mining pit, the numbers of miners, and the years of mining duration. Ultimately, the mix of these numbers yields the alleged total amount of extracted prehistoric copper, that being in the range of 1 to 1.5 billion pounds. It's difficult to attribute this branch of mathematics to any one individual, but if there's credit to be given, it should be given first to Drier and Du Temple (Drier and Du Temple 1961) and then to a Chicago-area writer named Henrietta Mertz, who lays out her numerology proposals in a book entitled Atlantis: Dwelling Place of the Gods (Mertz 1967). In contrast, I propose that none of these numbers, save those related to the weight of the hammers, are actually knowable in an empirical sense."
One final note from Susan Martin explains why I started the CAMD: "Henriette Mertz tells it more plainly and lays culpability at the toes of the archaeological profession: "This incredible amount of copper has not been accounted for by American archaeologists ..... the sum total according to archaeological findings here in the States amounts to a mere handful of copper beads and trinkets … float copper. Five hundred thousand tons of pure copper does not disintegrate into thin air. It cannot be sneezed away … it must be somewhere, and to date, it has not been located in the United States," and "99.9% is still to be accounted for" (Mertz 1976:18). Mertz concludes, of course, that the copper was disappeared by Old World Bronze Age metal mongers.
The CAMD shows only a small percentage of where that copper is; there is still much more to be found in undocumented museums, collectors and still underground. But the amount of copper in the CAMD also defies imagination. No one expected that a collection like this could be possible. I found it not only possible, but necessary. How valid is the material can only be found if you test it. I cannot send you to the collectors, but you can contact any of the museums here to pursue your area of interest.
A note here about the tables here: I do not share any confidential material, such as what was found in burials or the specific site locations, or name of donors or private collectors who prefer to remain anonymous. These materials are shared with the hope that, if collectors have found something interesting, they'll refer to this manual to see what they have and how it fits with where it was found, and perhaps be encouraged to find a museum able to display them; museums will use the data to improve the status and nomenclature of their collections, and to create more exhibits; and researchers will take what was found in a location they're researching to learn more about that area.
Michigan is an enigma, in that it seems like it should have more copper artifacts than Wisconsin. There could be a number of reasons Wisconsin has more, but the one that comes to mind is that Michigan is farther north; it warmed later and was settled later, and there was plenty of float copper to be had in the south before the need to seek its source arose. This is corroborated by William Lovis (1979:84), when he noted that reduced Early and Middle Archaic populations in Michigan related to "the lower productivity of established boreal forests during the Early and Middle Holecene," that mammals were scarce and fish had not yet moved up into those waters. He noted arguments along these lines and set out to explore the realities of archaic populations in Upper Michigan. In his conclusion, he sees the settlement trend beginning in the Middle Archaic, especially in the Saginaw Valley. Later settlement in the Upper Peninsula (UP) indicates that copper sources and copper tooling were located in the southern distracts of the glacial path where float copper was easily accessible (Behm, WA Vol. 78 #1-2, 33). Treveylan (2004:12) said it was unlikely that they mined here year-round because of the severe winters. Lovis noted no Middle Archaic sites in the UP. David Brose (Encyclopedia of American Archaeology, 2007) doesn't reference the UP until a discussion of Late Archaic, saying that earlier populations depended on glacial drift copper, also called float, and that many sites used were seasonal. In Handbook of North American Indians (1978:40) we see "in later phases in Michigan." Referencing the map below, the glacial drift would have receded earlier in the southern portions.
Even today, a ranking of worst places for snow puts Michigan as second worst, with Wisconsin #7 and Illinois #13. Only Minnesota beat Michigan.